Dead and downed trees littering the burn scar along Missionary Ridge are visible from Highway 160. Officials with the U.S. Forest Service said they are prepared, if conditions are right, to consider managing a fire ignited by lightning and allowing it to clean out some of those fuels./Photo by Jennaye Derge

 

Fighting fire with fire

Forest Service plans transition to more natural fire management

In the midst of a record drought for the Southwest, dry conditions and available fuels came together like a perfect storm almost 13 years ago. The result was the Valley and Missionary Ridge fires, which burned more than 72,000 acres just north of Durango.

“It’s still fresh in a lot of people’s memories,” said Matt Janowiak, District Ranger with the Columbine Ranger District in the San Juan National Forest.

To suddenly see flames, ash or a column of smoke billowing from that same ridgeline would quickly rekindle the memories of a blaze that boldly knocked on the back door of many.

However, according to the Forest Service, that could be exactly what Mother Nature needs.

“We want to restart the regeneration process,” explained Chris Tipton, fire management officer for the Columbine Ranger District.

Bennett, Gardner introduce funding bill for catastrophic fires The fighting over party lines ends when it comes to fighting fire. Colorado Sens. Michael Bennett, a Democrat, and Cory Gardner, a Republican, are cosponsoring a bill that would change the way funding works when it comes to wildfires. Currently, wildfire suppression budgets are based on a 10-year average, which often leads to underfunding. When a catastrophic fire occurs and vast resources are needed to fight the fire, funds are taken or transferred from other programs to make up the difference, sometimes even fire-prevention programs. One reason for the funding shortfall is that fires are not considered natural disasters, like floods and hurricanes, and therefore do not have access to federal emergency funds. “Major wildfires are natural disasters in every place but the federal budget,” Gardner said in a press release. “But because the law doesn’t allow funding for these events to be properly budgeted, the Forest Service routinely has to pull money from other important priorities, including fire prevention and forest management.” This bill would change all that. Under the Wildfire Disaster Funding Act, any wildfire-suppression spending that exceeds 70 percent of the 10-year average would be considered a disaster and be eligible for money allocated to a separate emergency account. “Colorado and other Western states continue to face year after year of catastrophic wildfires that threaten people and property and are busting our budgets. We need to restructure the way we pay for fighting and mitigating wildfires,” Bennet said in a news release. “This bill will ensure that these disasters receive adequate funding to end the damaging practice of ‘fire borrowing’ that results in taking critical funding away from fire prevention efforts.” Introduced by Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., and Sen. Mike Crapo, R-Idaho, the bill has bipartisan support in the U.S. Senate. A similar bill was introduced in the U.S. House by Rep. Michael Simpson, R-Idaho, and also has bipartisan support with 47 cosponsors, including Rep. Scott Tipton, R-Cortez. Both bills are now making their way through committees. – Tracy Chamberlin

After devastating wildland fires burned almost 800,000 acres of Yellowstone in 1988, affecting more than one-third of the park, forest managers realized that the policy they’d been operating under for the past century – suppression, suppression, suppression – was not only preventing Mother Nature from taking care of her forests, it was actually setting them up for catastrophic wildland fires.

When fire is put out fast and furious, it prevents the forest from naturally thinning underbrush, invasive species or beetle-killed trees. Eventually, those fuels build up, and when lightning strikes, the result is often an intense, rapidly-burning, catastrophic fire.

These types of fires are not just damaging to property, but far more dangerous for firefighters sent in to battle the blaze. “If we can burn on our terms, it’s not as catastrophic,” Janowiak explained.

The Columbine Ranger District covers 850,000 acres across the Southwest corner of Colorado, and every fire on that acreage is managed, according to Tipton, whose expertise is in wildland and prescribed fire.

Whether it starts by the hand of Mother Nature or Forest Service officials, nothing is ever simply left to burn. Firefighter safety, property, infrastructure and public opinion are all considered.

There is a primary plan for managing fire; an alternative to that plan; a contingency to the alternative; and an emergency plan, too. “We are part of these communities … we want what’s best as well,” Tipton said.

The shift in federal fire policy that followed the Yellowstone incident meant forest mangers needed to allow fire to play its part in the natural ecosystem.

This new policy has been taking root, slowly but surely, all across the nation. Here in the Southwest, it’s taking hold in  several ways. One way is by allowing natural ignitions, like lightning strikes, to burn in a managed way.

This is where the column of smoke could billow from Missionary Ridge.

Janowiak and Tipton said people have seen the dead and downed trees littering the burn scar along Missionary Ridge. They know the fuel sits there, waiting for a spark.

If lightning were to strike, Tipton and Janowiak would consider managing the fire and allowing Mother Nature to take care of the forest; and they are prepared to do just that.

Being prepared means having the right conditions, including awareness of the fuels, weather and available resources. The biggest part of that readiness, though, is the community support. “It’s huge,” Janowiak said. “It’s bigger than you can imagine.”

Two other ways of moving toward the natural fire return is by prescribed burns and mechanical fuels reduction, where the thick understory is manually thinned out.

Last year, Tipton and his team worked on a prescribed burn in the Saul’s Creek area just outside of Bayfield. With plenty of community input and preparation, they successfully burned 1,100 acres near the Deer Valley neighborhood, cleaning out the thick understory. Janowiak said they can see it’s having a positive effect on the ecosystem already.

This year, they are looking at some mechanical fuels reduction, perhaps in early to mid-May; and, a prescribed burn in the Fosset Gulch area, which stretches over 14,000 acres south of Highway 160 near Bayfield.

“We’re trying to mimic what a natural fire will do under our conditions … under our terms,” Tipton said.

Whether it’s thinning out a fuel-rich area, igniting a prescribed burn or managing one started by lightning, the goal is a natural fire return, where low-intensity fires are allowed to do their part for the ecosystem and catastrophic fires are few and far between.

It’s not just a long-term goal, but a multi-generational one. “We’re trying to manage for future generations,” Tipton said.

After a century of suppression tactics, it will take time for natural fire to return. Just as changing federal policy takes time. Just as changing the public’s mind takes time.

“There’s no reason we can’t get there,” Janowiak said. “I kind of think we have to get there.”